COVID-19 and the social distribution of hunger in three Caribbean Small Island Developing States.

Objectives: To determine changes to income and livelihood, food consumption, and hunger due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in three Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in the Caribbean: Jamaica, St Kitts and Nevis, and St Vincent and the Grenadines. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in July 2020. Participants were selected using telephone directories and lists of mobile numbers. Data were collected through face-to-face and telephone interviews. Participants rated the impact of COVID-19 on their livelihoods and the Adult Food Security Module was used to assess hunger. To examine how these outcomes varied by sociodemographic group, multivariable logistic regression analysis was used, with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) reported. Results: The analysis included 880 participants. Of these, 40% (344/871) reported some form of hunger, with 18% (153/871) classed as moderate-to-severe hunger. Almost three quarters of households reported some impact on their livelihood (640/880), with 28% (243/880) classifying this impact as moderate to severe. Women were 60% more likely to report that their livelihoods were moderately to severely affected by COVID-19 (OR 1.59; 95% CI 1.09, 2.31) and 70% more likely to experience moderate-to-severe hunger (OR 1.70; 95% CI 1.37, 2.09). The effects of COVID-19 on livelihood and hunger were greater in those with secondary-school and primary-school education compared with tertiary education. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic is disproportionately affecting the most vulnerable segments of the population. Social protection programmes are a key component of efforts to alleviate the pandemic's consequences; however, equitable access must be ensured.

Interventions and policies aimed at improving nutrition in Small Island Developing States: a rapid review.

Objective: To describe features of nutritional interventions implemented in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in the past 20 years. Methods: A rapid scoping review was conducted by searching PubMed and Web of Science databases for interventions conducted in SIDS that sought to improve the nutrition of their populations between 2000 and 2019 inclusive. The Noncommunicable diseases progress monitor 2020 was also examined to assess nutritional policies in SIDS. Results: A total of 174 interventions were implemented in 49 of the 58 SIDS. The greatest proportion were conducted in the Caribbean (75 interventions; 43%), with the Pacific region, and the Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and South China Sea region each implementing about 30% of interventions. Using the NOURISHING framework, most interventions (67%) were implemented at the community and national or policy level, using multiple components of the framework. The greatest proportion of interventions (35%) were educational and awareness raising. Restrictions on physical availability of and increased taxation on alcohol were the most commonly reported policies that were partially or fully achieved; restrictions on fats were the least commonly reported. These findings were generally consistent across the SIDS regions. Conclusions: There is a paucity of nutritional policies in SIDS; the reasons may be linked to their social, economic, and environmental vulnerabilities. Interventions should be expanded beyond education to encompass multiple components of the NOURISHING framework, with multisectoral inclusion to ensure stronger stakeholder collaboration and buy-in. A systematic review is warranted using a fuller range of sources to assess the effectiveness of interventions.

COVID-19 and the social distribution of hunger in three Caribbean Small Island Developing States

[ABSTRACT]. Objectives. To determine changes to income and livelihood, food consumption, and hunger due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in three Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in the Caribbean: Jamaica, St Kitts and Nevis, and St Vincent and the Grenadines. Methods. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in July 2020. Participants were selected using telephone directories and lists of mobile numbers. Data were collected through face-to-face and telephone interviews. Participants rated the impact of COVID-19 on their livelihoods and the Adult Food Security Module was used to assess hunger. To examine how these outcomes varied by sociodemographic group, multivariable logistic regression analysis was used, with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) reported. Results. The analysis included 880 participants. Of these, 40% (344/871) reported some form of hunger, with 18% (153/871) classed as moderate-to-severe hunger. Almost three quarters of households reported some impact on their livelihood (640/880), with 28% (243/880) classifying this impact as moderate to severe. Women were 60% more likely to report that their livelihoods were moderately to severely affected by COVID-19 (OR 1.59; 95% CI 1.09, 2.31) and 70% more likely to experience moderate-to-severe hunger (OR 1.70; 95% CI 1.37, 2.09). The effects of COVID-19 on livelihood and hunger were greater in those with secondary-school and primary-school education compared with tertiary education. Conclusion. The COVID-19 pandemic is disproportionately affecting the most vulnerable segments of the population. Social protection programmes are a key component of efforts to alleviate the pandemic’s consequences; however, equitable access must be ensured.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivos. Determinar qué cambios ha ocasionado la enfermedad por el coronavirus del 2019 (COVID-19) en los ingresos y los medios de subsistencia, el consumo de alimentos y el hambre en tres pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo del Caribe: Jamaica, Saint Kitts y Nevis, y San Vicente y las Granadinas. Métodos. En este estudio transversal realizado en julio del 2020, para seleccionar a los participantes se utilizaron guías telefónicas y listas de números de teléfono celular. Los datos se recopilaron mediante entrevistas en persona y por teléfono. Los participantes calificaron cuál había sido la repercusión de la COVID-19 en sus medios de subsistencia; el hambre se evaluó mediante la escala de la encuesta sobre seguridad alimentaria en los hogares “Adult Food Security Module”. Para estudiar cómo variaban los resultados según el grupo sociodemográfico, se realizó un análisis de regresión logística multivariable, con razones de probabilidades (odds ratios u OR) e intervalos de confianza de 95% (IC). Resultados. El análisis incluyó a 880 participantes. De estos, 40% (344/871) declararon haber pasado algún grado de hambre y 18% (153/871) lo calificaron de moderado a grave. Casi tres cuartos de los hogares informaron que sus medios de subsistencia habían tenido algún tipo de repercusión (640/880) y 28% (243/880) la calificaron de moderada a grave. Las mujeres tenían un 60% más de probabilidades de valorar la repercusión de la COVID-19 en sus medios de subsistencia de moderada a grave (OR 1,59; IC de 95% 1,09, 2,31) y un 70% más de probabilidades de haber tenido un nivel de hambre de moderado a grave (OR 1,70; IC de 95% 1,37, 2,09). Los efectos de la COVID-19 sobre los medios de subsistencia y el hambre fueron mayores en aquellos participantes con educación primaria y secundaria en comparación con aquellos con educación terciaria. Conclusión. La pandemia de COVID-19 está afectando desproporcionadamente a los segmentos más vulnerables de la población. Los programas de protección social son un componente clave de las iniciativas dirigidas a paliar las consecuencias de la pandemia; sin embargo, debe garantizarse que el acceso a estos programas es equitativo.

[RESUMO]. Objetivos. Determinar mudanças na renda e na subsistência, no consumo de alimentos e na fome devido à doença causada pelo coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19) em três pequenos Estados insulares em desenvolvimento (SIDS, na sigla em inglês) no Caribe: Jamaica, São Cristóvão e Névis, e São Vicente e Granadinas. Métodos. Este foi um estudo transversal realizado em julho de 2020. Os participantes foram selecionados por meio da utilização de listas telefônicas e números de celular. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas presenciais e telefônicas. Os participantes avaliaram o impacto da COVID-19 em seus meios de subsistência, e o módulo de segurança alimentar para adultos foi utilizado para avaliar a fome. Para examinar como esses resultados variavam por grupo sociodemográfico, foi utilizada a análise de regressão logística multivariável, com razões de chances (RC) e intervalos de confiança (IC) relatados de 95%. Resultados. A análise incluiu 880 participantes. Entre eles, 40% (344/871) relataram alguma forma de fome, com 18% (153/871) classificados como fome moderada a grave. Quase três quartos das famílias relataram algum impacto em sua subsistência (640/880), com 28% (243/880) classificando esse impacto como moderado a grave. As mulheres tiveram 60% mais probabilidade de relatar que seus meios de subsistência foram afetados moderada a gravemente pela COVID-19 (RC 1,59; IC 95% 1,09, 2,31) e 70% mais probabilidade de passar fome de moderada a grave (RC 1,70; IC 95% 1,37, 2,09). Os efeitos da COVID-19 sobre a subsistência e a fome foram maiores nas pessoas com ensino fundamental e médio, em comparação com o ensino superior. Conclusão. A pandemia de COVID-19 está afetando de forma desproporcional os segmentos mais vulneráveis da população. Programas de proteção social são um componente essencial dos esforços para aliviar as consequências da pandemia; entretanto, o acesso equitativo deve ser garantido.

Interventions and policies aimed at improving nutrition in Small Island Developing States: a rapid review

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To describe features of nutritional interventions implemented in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in the past 20 years. Methods. A rapid scoping review was conducted by searching PubMed and Web of Science databases for interventions conducted in SIDS that sought to improve the nutrition of their populations between 2000 and 2019 inclusive. The Noncommunicable diseases progress monitor 2020 was also examined to assess nutritional policies in SIDS. Results. A total of 174 interventions were implemented in 49 of the 58 SIDS. The greatest proportion were conducted in the Caribbean (75 interventions; 43%), with the Pacific region, and the Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and South China Sea region each implementing about 30% of interventions. Using the NOURISHING framework, most interventions (67%) were implemented at the community and national or policy level, using multiple components of the framework. The greatest proportion of interventions (35%) were educational and awareness raising. Restrictions on physical availability of and increased taxation on alcohol were the most commonly reported policies that were partially or fully achieved; restrictions on fats were the least commonly reported. These findings were generally consistent across the SIDS regions. Conclusions. There is a paucity of nutritional policies in SIDS; the reasons may be linked to their social, economic, and environmental vulnerabilities. Interventions should be expanded beyond education to encompass multiple components of the NOURISHING framework, with multisectoral inclusion to ensure stronger stakeholder collaboration and buy-in. A systematic review is warranted using a fuller range of sources to assess the effectiveness of interventions.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Describir las características de las intervenciones nutricionales realizadas en los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo durante los últimos 20 años. Métodos. Se realizó una revisión exploratoria rápida mediante búsquedas en las bases de datos PubMed y Web of Science de las intervenciones realizadas en los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo entre los años 2000 y 2019 con el fin de mejorar la nutrición de su población. También se examinó la publicación Monitoreo de avances en materia de las enfermedades no transmisibles 2020 para evaluar las políticas nutricionales en estos Estados. Resultados. Se efectuaron 174 intervenciones en 49 de los 58 pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo. La mayor parte se llevaron a cabo en el Caribe (75 intervenciones; 43%), en tanto que la región del Pacífico y la región de los océanos Atlántico e Índico y de los mares de China Meridional y Mediterráneo efectuaron aproximadamente un 30% de las intervenciones cada una. Con la ayuda del marco NOURISHING, la mayor parte de las intervenciones (67%) se efectuaron a nivel de la comunidad y a nivel de país o de política utilizando distintos componentes del marco. La mayor parte de las intervenciones (35%) fueron educativas y de concientización. Entre las políticas que se notificaron con más frecuencia estuvieron las restricciones a la disponibilidad física de las bebidas alcohólicas y el aumento de los impuestos al alcohol; entre las menos frecuentes, las restricciones a las grasas. Por lo general, estos resultados fueron uniformes en todas las regiones con pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo. Conclusiones. Los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo tienen pocas políticas nutricionales; esto puede estar relacionado con sus vulnerabilidades sociales, económicas y ambientales. Las intervenciones deberían ampliarse más allá de la educación para así incorporar múltiples componentes del marco NOURISHING, con una inclusión multisectorial que garantice una mayor colaboración y aceptación de las partes interesadas. Se justifica una revisión sistemática que haga uso de una gama más completa de fuentes para evaluar la efectividad de las intervenciones.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Descrever as características das intervenções nutricionais implementadas em pequenos Estados insulares em desenvolvimento (PEID) nos 20 últimos anos. Métodos. Uma revisão de escopo rápida foi realizada mediante pesquisa dos bancos de dados PubMed e Web of Science, buscando intervenções para melhoria nutricional da população em PEID no período entre 2000 e 2019. A publicação Noncommunicable Diseases Progress Monitor 2020 também foi consultada para avaliar as políticas nutricionais destes países. Resultados. Foram implementadas 174 intervenções em 49 dos 58 PEID, distribuídas na sua grande maioria na região do Caribe (75, 43%) e nas regiões do Pacífico e AIMS (Atlântico, Índico, Mediterrâneo e Mar do Sul da China) (cerca de 30% cada). Elaboradas a partir do NOURISHING Framework, a maior parte das intervenções (67%) teve implementação ao nível nacional, da comunidade ou de política, englobando os vários componentes deste quadro. Houve predomínio de intervenções educacionais e de sensibilização (35%). Observou-se com maior frequência o cumprimento total ou parcial de políticas de restrição à oferta física de bebidas alcoólicas e aumento de impostos sobre estas. Políticas de restrição à utilização de gorduras em alimentos foram as menos observadas. Em geral, as conclusões foram semelhantes em todas as regiões de PEID. Conclusões. Os PEID carecem de políticas nutricionais, devido a fatores possivelmente associados a vulnerabilidades ambientais e socioeconômicas. Além de educacionais, as intervenções devem ser ampliadas para englobar diversos outros componentes do NOURISHING Framework, com participação multissetorial para assegurar uma maior colaboração e comprometimento das partes envolvidas. Recomenda-se realizar uma revisão sistemática, com pesquisa de um rol mais amplo de fontes de informação, para avaliar a efetividade das intervenções.

Dietary Patterns, Food Insecurity, and Their Relationships with Food Sources and Social Determinants in Two Small Island Developing States.

Small Island Developing States (SIDS) have high burdens of nutrition-related chronic diseases. This has been associated with lack of access to adequate and affordable nutritious foods and increasing reliance on imported foods. Our aim in this study was to investigate dietary patterns and food insecurity and assess their associations with socio-demographic characteristics and food sources. We recruited individuals aged 15 years and above from rural and urban areas in Fiji (n = 186) and St. Vincent and the Grenadines (SVG) (n = 147). Data collection included a 24 h diet recall, food source questionnaire and the Food Insecurity Experience Scale. We conducted latent class analysis to identify dietary patterns, and multivariable regression to investigate independent associations with dietary patterns. Three dietary patterns were identified: (1) low pulses, and milk and milk products, (2) intermediate pulses, and milk and milk products and (3) most diverse. In both SIDS, dietary pattern 3 was associated with older age, regularly sourcing food from supermarkets and borrowing, exchanging, bartering or gifting (BEB). Prevalence of food insecurity was not statistically different across dietary patterns. In both SIDS, food insecurity was higher in those regularly sourcing food from small shops, and in SVG, lower in those regularly using BEB. These results complement previous findings and provide a basis for further investigation into the determinants of dietary patterns, dietary diversity and food insecurity in these settings.

Perspectives on strengthening local food systems in Small Island Developing States.

Small Island Developing States (SIDS) share high burdens of nutrition-related conditions, including non-communicable diseases, associated with an increasing reliance on imported, processed foods. Improving health through increasing the production and consumption of local, nutritious foods is a policy objective of many SIDS governments. This study aimed to understand contemporary challenges and opportunities to strengthening local food systems in two case study settings, Fiji and St. Vincent and the Grenadines. Fifty-two in-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with key stakeholders involved in local food production. Interviews were analysed by both country teams using thematic analysis. Local food production networks in both settings included formal governance bodies as well as more informal connections through civil society and communities. Their main function was the sharing of resources and knowledge, but levels of trust and cooperation between the stakeholders varied in a market open to intense competition from imports. Local food production was hindered by few and slow investments by local governments, dated technology, and lack of knowledge. Stakeholders believed this marginalisation was occurring against a background of rising preferences for imported foods in the population, and increasing disinterest in employment in the sector. Despite the challenges, strong narratives of resilience and opportunity were highlighted such as national pride in local produce for commercialisation and local diets. Efforts to support local food production in SIDS should focus on strengthening governance structures to prioritise local produce over corporate and import markets, assist collaboration and co-learning, and support alternative agro-food practices. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12571-022-01281-0.

Interventions in Small Island Developing States to improve diet, with a focus on the consumption of local, nutritious foods: a systematic review.

Introduction: Food security in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) is an international policy priority. SIDS have high rates of nutrition-related non-communicable diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes, micronutrient deficiencies and, in many, persistent childhood stunting. This is associated with an increasing reliance on imported processed food of poor nutritional quality. Calls have been made for strengthening local food systems, resilient to climate change, to increase the consumption of nutritious locally produced food. We aimed to systematically review interventions intended to improve diet in SIDS, and specifically explore whether these interventions applied a local food approach. Methods: The search strategy was applied to 11 databases, including in health, social science and agriculture. Screening of titles, abstracts and data extraction was undertaken in duplicate. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane tools. Narrative synthesis of the results was undertaken. The study protocol was registered (PROSPERO registration number: 2020CRD42020201274). Results: From 26 062 records, 154 full texts were reviewed and 24 were eligible. Included studies were from the Caribbean, Pacific, Mauritius and Singapore. Five were a randomised study design, one an interrupted time series analysis, eight controlled and ten uncontrolled pre-test and post-test. Nine studies included some aspect of a local food approach. Most interventions (n=15) included nutrition education, with evidence of effectiveness largely limited to those that also included practical skills training, such as vegetable gardening or food preparation. Three studies were considered low risk of bias, with the majority (n=13) of moderate risk. Conclusion: There is a lack of robust evidence on interventions to improve diet in SIDS. The evidence suggests that multifaceted approaches are likely to be the most effective, and local food approaches may promote effectiveness, through mechanisms of cultural and contextual relevance. Further development and evaluation of interventions is urgently required to increase the comparability of these studies, to help guide policy on improving nutrition in SIDS.

COVID-19 and the social distribution of hunger in three Caribbean Small Island Developing States / La COVID-19 y la distribución social del hambre en tres pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo del Caribe / COVID-19 e a distribuição social da fome em três pequenos Estados insulares em desenvolvimento do Caribe

ABSTRACT Objectives. To determine changes to income and livelihood, food consumption, and hunger due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in three Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in the Caribbean: Jamaica, St Kitts and Nevis, and St Vincent and the Grenadines. Methods. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in July 2020. Participants were selected using telephone directories and lists of mobile numbers. Data were collected through face-to-face and telephone interviews. Participants rated the impact of COVID-19 on their livelihoods and the Adult Food Security Module was used to assess hunger. To examine how these outcomes varied by sociodemographic group, multivariable logistic regression analysis was used, with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) reported. Results. The analysis included 880 participants. Of these, 40% (344/871) reported some form of hunger, with 18% (153/871) classed as moderate-to-severe hunger. Almost three quarters of households reported some impact on their livelihood (640/880), with 28% (243/880) classifying this impact as moderate to severe. Women were 60% more likely to report that their livelihoods were moderately to severely affected by COVID-19 (OR 1.59; 95% CI 1.09, 2.31) and 70% more likely to experience moderate-to-severe hunger (OR 1.70; 95% CI 1.37, 2.09). The effects of COVID-19 on livelihood and hunger were greater in those with secondary-school and primary-school education compared with tertiary education. Conclusion. The COVID-19 pandemic is disproportionately affecting the most vulnerable segments of the population. Social protection programmes are a key component of efforts to alleviate the pandemic's consequences; however, equitable access must be ensured.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Determinar qué cambios ha ocasionado la enfermedad por el coronavirus del 2019 (COVID-19) en los ingresos y los medios de subsistencia, el consumo de alimentos y el hambre en tres pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo del Caribe: Jamaica, Saint Kitts y Nevis, y San Vicente y las Granadinas. Métodos. En este estudio transversal realizado en julio del 2020, para seleccionar a los participantes se utilizaron guías telefónicas y listas de números de teléfono celular. Los datos se recopilaron mediante entrevistas en persona y por teléfono. Los participantes calificaron cuál había sido la repercusión de la COVID-19 en sus medios de subsistencia; el hambre se evaluó mediante la escala de la encuesta sobre seguridad alimentaria en los hogares "Adult Food Security Module". Para estudiar cómo variaban los resultados según el grupo sociodemográfico, se realizó un análisis de regresión logística multivariable, con razones de probabilidades (odds ratios u OR) e intervalos de confianza de 95% (IC). Resultados. El análisis incluyó a 880 participantes. De estos, 40% (344/871) declararon haber pasado algún grado de hambre y 18% (153/871) lo calificaron de moderado a grave. Casi tres cuartos de los hogares informaron que sus medios de subsistencia habían tenido algún tipo de repercusión (640/880) y 28% (243/880) la calificaron de moderada a grave. Las mujeres tenían un 60% más de probabilidades de valorar la repercusión de la COVID-19 en sus medios de subsistencia de moderada a grave (OR 1,59; IC de 95% 1,09, 2,31) y un 70% más de probabilidades de haber tenido un nivel de hambre de moderado a grave (OR 1,70; IC de 95% 1,37, 2,09). Los efectos de la COVID-19 sobre los medios de subsistencia y el hambre fueron mayores en aquellos participantes con educación primaria y secundaria en comparación con aquellos con educación terciaria. Conclusión. La pandemia de COVID-19 está afectando desproporcionadamente a los segmentos más vulnerables de la población. Los programas de protección social son un componente clave de las iniciativas dirigidas a paliar las consecuencias de la pandemia; sin embargo, debe garantizarse que el acceso a estos programas es equitativo.

RESUMO Objetivos. Determinar mudanças na renda e na subsistência, no consumo de alimentos e na fome devido à doença causada pelo coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19) em três pequenos Estados insulares em desenvolvimento (SIDS, na sigla em inglês) no Caribe: Jamaica, São Cristóvão e Névis, e São Vicente e Granadinas. Métodos. Este foi um estudo transversal realizado em julho de 2020. Os participantes foram selecionados por meio da utilização de listas telefônicas e números de celular. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas presenciais e telefônicas. Os participantes avaliaram o impacto da COVID-19 em seus meios de subsistência, e o módulo de segurança alimentar para adultos foi utilizado para avaliar a fome. Para examinar como esses resultados variavam por grupo sociodemográfico, foi utilizada a análise de regressão logística multivariável, com razões de chances (RC) e intervalos de confiança (IC) relatados de 95%. Resultados. A análise incluiu 880 participantes. Entre eles, 40% (344/871) relataram alguma forma de fome, com 18% (153/871) classificados como fome moderada a grave. Quase três quartos das famílias relataram algum impacto em sua subsistência (640/880), com 28% (243/880) classificando esse impacto como moderado a grave. As mulheres tiveram 60% mais probabilidade de relatar que seus meios de subsistência foram afetados moderada a gravemente pela COVID-19 (RC 1,59; IC 95% 1,09, 2,31) e 70% mais probabilidade de passar fome de moderada a grave (RC 1,70; IC 95% 1,37, 2,09). Os efeitos da COVID-19 sobre a subsistência e a fome foram maiores nas pessoas com ensino fundamental e médio, em comparação com o ensino superior. Conclusão. A pandemia de COVID-19 está afetando de forma desproporcional os segmentos mais vulneráveis da população. Programas de proteção social são um componente essencial dos esforços para aliviar as consequências da pandemia; entretanto, o acesso equitativo deve ser garantido.

Interventions and policies aimed at improving nutrition in Small Island Developing States: a rapid review / Intervenciones y políticas orientadas a mejorar la nutrición en los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo: una revisión rápida / Intervenções e políticas para melhoria da nutrição em pequenos Estados insulares em desenvolvimento: revisão rápida

ABSTRACT Objective. To describe features of nutritional interventions implemented in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in the past 20 years. Methods. A rapid scoping review was conducted by searching PubMed and Web of Science databases for interventions conducted in SIDS that sought to improve the nutrition of their populations between 2000 and 2019 inclusive. The Noncommunicable diseases progress monitor 2020 was also examined to assess nutritional policies in SIDS. Results. A total of 174 interventions were implemented in 49 of the 58 SIDS. The greatest proportion were conducted in the Caribbean (75 interventions; 43%), with the Pacific region, and the Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and South China Sea region each implementing about 30% of interventions. Using the NOURISHING framework, most interventions (67%) were implemented at the community and national or policy level, using multiple components of the framework. The greatest proportion of interventions (35%) were educational and awareness raising. Restrictions on physical availability of and increased taxation on alcohol were the most commonly reported policies that were partially or fully achieved; restrictions on fats were the least commonly reported. These findings were generally consistent across the SIDS regions. Conclusions. There is a paucity of nutritional policies in SIDS; the reasons may be linked to their social, economic, and environmental vulnerabilities. Interventions should be expanded beyond education to encompass multiple components of the NOURISHING framework, with multisectoral inclusion to ensure stronger stakeholder collaboration and buy-in. A systematic review is warranted using a fuller range of sources to assess the effectiveness of interventions.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Describir las características de las intervenciones nutricionales realizadas en los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo durante los últimos 20 años. Métodos. Se realizó una revisión exploratoria rápida mediante búsquedas en las bases de datos PubMed y Web of Science de las intervenciones realizadas en los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo entre los años 2000 y 2019 con el fin de mejorar la nutrición de su población. También se examinó la publicación Monitoreo de avances en materia de las enfermedades no transmisibles 2020 para evaluar las políticas nutricionales en estos Estados. Resultados. Se efectuaron 174 intervenciones en 49 de los 58 pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo. La mayor parte se llevaron a cabo en el Caribe (75 intervenciones; 43%), en tanto que la región del Pacífico y la región de los océanos Atlántico e Índico y de los mares de China Meridional y Mediterráneo efectuaron aproximadamente un 30% de las intervenciones cada una. Con la ayuda del marco NOURISHING, la mayor parte de las intervenciones (67%) se efectuaron a nivel de la comunidad y a nivel de país o de política utilizando distintos componentes del marco. La mayor parte de las intervenciones (35%) fueron educativas y de concientización. Entre las políticas que se notificaron con más frecuencia estuvieron las restricciones a la disponibilidad física de las bebidas alcohólicas y el aumento de los impuestos al alcohol; entre las menos frecuentes, las restricciones a las grasas. Por lo general, estos resultados fueron uniformes en todas las regiones con pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo. Conclusiones. Los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo tienen pocas políticas nutricionales; esto puede estar relacionado con sus vulnerabilidades sociales, económicas y ambientales. Las intervenciones deberían ampliarse más allá de la educación para así incorporar múltiples componentes del marco NOURISHING, con una inclusión multisectorial que garantice una mayor colaboración y aceptación de las partes interesadas. Se justifica una revisión sistemática que haga uso de una gama más completa de fuentes para evaluar la efectividad de las intervenciones.

RESUMO Objetivo. Descrever as características das intervenções nutricionais implementadas em pequenos Estados insulares em desenvolvimento (PEID) nos 20 últimos anos. Métodos. Uma revisão de escopo rápida foi realizada mediante pesquisa dos bancos de dados PubMed e Web of Science, buscando intervenções para melhoria nutricional da população em PEID no período entre 2000 e 2019. A publicação Noncommunicable Diseases Progress Monitor 2020 também foi consultada para avaliar as políticas nutricionais destes países. Resultados. Foram implementadas 174 intervenções em 49 dos 58 PEID, distribuídas na sua grande maioria na região do Caribe (75, 43%) e nas regiões do Pacífico e AIMS (Atlântico, Índico, Mediterrâneo e Mar do Sul da China) (cerca de 30% cada). Elaboradas a partir do NOURISHING Framework, a maior parte das intervenções (67%) teve implementação ao nível nacional, da comunidade ou de política, englobando os vários componentes deste quadro. Houve predomínio de intervenções educacionais e de sensibilização (35%). Observou-se com maior frequência o cumprimento total ou parcial de políticas de restrição à oferta física de bebidas alcoólicas e aumento de impostos sobre estas. Políticas de restrição à utilização de gorduras em alimentos foram as menos observadas. Em geral, as conclusões foram semelhantes em todas as regiões de PEID. Conclusões. Os PEID carecem de políticas nutricionais, devido a fatores possivelmente associados a vulnerabilidades ambientais e socioeconômicas. Além de educacionais, as intervenções devem ser ampliadas para englobar diversos outros componentes do NOURISHING Framework, com participação multissetorial para assegurar uma maior colaboração e comprometimento das partes envolvidas. Recomenda-se realizar uma revisão sistemática, com pesquisa de um rol mais amplo de fontes de informação, para avaliar a efetividade das intervenções.

"We used to get food from the garden." Understanding changing practices of local food production and consumption in small island states.

Many Small Island Developing States (SIDS) lead global rates in obesity and non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs). Drivers for this are complex and include lack of food sovereignty, evidenced by an increasing reliance on cheap nutrient-poor food imports and a focus on export orientated cash crop production for much local agriculture. To better inform SIDS' policy goals of improving nutrition through increased local food production, we explored in two SIDS current practices of food production and consumption. Teams of researchers from the two main regional universities conducted 28 focus groups in Fiji in the Pacific and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in the Caribbean with rural and urban communities of different socio-economic or land-owning status. In both countries home gardens were still common, valued as providing staple foods to households and contributing to health and livelihoods. Yet social changes had been experienced over the life course and across generations, such as increased purchase of foods, consumption of processed and often imported foods, and fast foods. While participants associated local foods with better nutrition and health outcomes than imported foods, some local foods were also acknowledged as unhealthy (e.g. locally produced tinned products, pesticide contaminated fresh produce). Finally, as food and related health advice moves globally, crossing national boundaries, and through formal and informal channels, local experiences can be confusing and contested. We suggest the need to understand temporal and spatial aspects of social practices, as social practices and their meaning change over time, travel globally and are experienced locally. To enhance and support re-localising food to counteract unhealthy consumption of ultra-processed, shop-bought, often imported foods, it is vital to understand these lived experiences of changes and resulting uncertainties, and to explicitly build on the longstanding positive relationships that people continue to express about home gardens and local food.

Impact of physician-based palliative care delivery models on health care utilization outcomes: A population-based retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Increasing involvement of palliative care generalists may improve access to palliative care. It is unknown, however, if their involvement with and without palliative care specialists are associated with different outcomes. AIM: To describe physician-based models of palliative care and their association with healthcare utilization outcomes including: emergency department visits, acute hospitalizations and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions in last 30 days of life; and, place of death. DESIGN: Population-based retrospective cohort study using linked health administrative data. We used descriptive statistics to compare outcomes across three models (generalist-only palliative care; consultation palliative care, comprising of both generalist and specialist care; and specialist-only palliative care) and conducted a logistic regression for community death. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: All adults aged 18-105 who died in Ontario, Canada between April 1, 2012 and March 31, 2017. RESULTS: Of the 231,047 decedents who received palliative services, 40.3% received generalist, 32.3% consultation and 27.4% specialist palliative care. Across models, we noted minimal to modest variation for decedents with at least one emergency department visit (50%-59%), acute hospitalization (64%-69%) or ICU admission (7%-17%), as well as community death (36%-40%). In our adjusted analysis, receipt of a physician home visit was a stronger predictor for increased likelihood of community death (odds ratio 9.6, 95% confidence interval 9.4-9.8) than palliative care model (generalist vs consultation palliative care 2.0, 1.9-2.0). CONCLUSION: The generalist palliative care model achieved similar healthcare utilization outcomes as consultation and specialist models. Including a physician home visit component in each model may promote community death.

Food Sources and Dietary Quality in Small Island Developing States: Development of Methods and Policy Relevant Novel Survey Data from the Pacific and Caribbean.

Small Island Developing States (SIDS) have high and increasing rates of diet-related diseases. This situation is associated with a loss of food sovereignty and an increasing reliance on nutritionally poor food imports. A policy goal, therefore, is to improve local diets through improved local production of nutritious foods. Our aim in this study was to develop methods and collect preliminary data on the relationships between where people source their food, their socio-demographic characteristics and dietary quality in Fiji and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (SVG) in order to inform further work towards this policy goal. We developed a toolkit of methods to collect individual-level data, including measures of dietary intake, food sources, socio-demographic and health indicators. Individuals aged ≥15 years were eligible to participate. From purposively sampled urban and rural areas, we recruited 186 individuals from 95 households in Fiji, and 147 individuals from 86 households in SVG. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression were used to investigate associations. The mean dietary diversity score, out of 10, was 3.7 (SD1.4) in Fiji and 3.8 (SD1.5) in SVG. In both settings, purchasing was the most common way of sourcing food. However, 68% (Fiji) and 45% (SVG) of participants regularly (>weekly) consumed their own produce, and 5% (Fiji) and 33% (SVG) regularly consumed borrowed/exchanged/bartered food. In regression models, independent positive associations with dietary diversity (DD) were: borrowing/exchanging/bartering food (ß = 0.73 (0.21, 1.25)); age (0.01 (0.00, 0.03)); and greater than primary education (0.44 (0.06, 0.82)). DD was negatively associated with small shop purchasing (-0.52 (95% CIs -0.91, -0.12)) and rural residence (-0.46 (-0.92, 0.00)). The findings highlight associations between dietary diversity and food sources and indicate avenues for further research to inform policy actions aimed at improving local food production and diet.

Five-year risk of admission to long-term care home and death for older adults given a new diagnosis of dementia: a population-based retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: After diagnosis of a health condition, information about survival and potential transition from community into institutional care can be helpful for patients and care providers. We sought to describe the association between a new diagnosis of dementia and risk of admission to a long-term care home and death at 5 years. METHODS: We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study using linked health administrative databases. We identified individuals aged 65 years or older, living in the community, with a first documented diagnosis of dementia between Jan. 1, 2010, and Dec. 31, 2012, in Ontario, Canada. Dementia diagnosis was captured using diagnostic codes from hospital discharges, physician billings, assessments conducted for home care and long-term care, and dispensed prescriptions for cholinesterase inhibitors. Our primary outcome measures were 5-year risk of death and placement in a long-term care home, adjusted for sociodemographic and clinical factors. RESULTS: We identified 108 757 individuals in our study cohort. By the end of 5 years, 24.4% remained alive in the community and 20.5% were living in a long-term care home. Of the 55.1% who died, about half (27.9%) were admitted to a long-term care home before death. Three risk factors were associated with increased odds of death: older age (age ≥ 90 yr; odds ratio [OR] 9.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 8.8-10.2 [reference: age 65-69 yr]), male sex (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.6-1.7), and the presence of organ failure, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.7-1.8), congestive heart failure (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.9-2.0) and renal failure (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.6-1.8). Groups formed by combinations of these 3 factors had an observed 5-year risk of death varying between 22% and 91%. INTERPRETATION: Among community-dwelling older adults with newly identified dementia in Ontario, the majority died or were admitted to a long-term care home within 5 years. This information may be helpful for discussions on prognosis and need for admission to long-term care.

Access to cannabis retail stores across Canada 6 months following legalization: a descriptive study.

BACKGROUND: On Oct. 17, 2018, Canada legalized recreational cannabis with the dual goals of reducing youth use and eliminating the illicit cannabis market. We examined factors associated with access to physical cannabis stores across Canada 6 months following legalization. METHODS: We extracted the address and operating hours of all legal cannabis stores in Canada from online government and private listings. We conducted a descriptive study examining the association between private/hybrid (mixture of government and private stores) and government-only retail models with 4 measures of physical access to cannabis: store density, weekly hours of operation, median distance to the nearest school and relative availability of cannabis stores between low- and high-income neighbourhoods. RESULTS: Six months after legalization, there were 260 cannabis retail stores across Canada: 181 privately run stores, 55 government-run stores and 24 stores in the hybrid retail system. Compared to jurisdictions with a government-run model, jurisdictions with a private/hybrid retail model had 49% (95% confidence interval 10%-200%) more stores per capita, retailers were open on average 9.2 more hours per week, and stores were located closer to schools (median 166.7 m). In both retail models, there was over twice the concentration of cannabis stores in neighbourhoods in the lowest income quintile compared to the highest income quintile. INTERPRETATION: Marked differences in physical access to cannabis retail are emerging between jurisdictions with private/hybrid retail models and those with government-only retail models. Ongoing surveillance including monitoring differences in cannabis use and harms across jurisdictions is needed.

Health and other impacts of community food production in Small Island Developing States: a systematic scoping review

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To explore what is known on community-based food production initiatives (CFPIs) in Small Island Developing States, particularly the health, social, economic, and environmental impacts of and on CFPIs. Methods. This was a systematic scoping review using 14 electronic databases to identify articles published from 1997 to 2016 on the topic of CFPIs in Small Island Developing States. From 8 215 articles found, 153 were eligible and abstracted. Analysis focused on geographic location, typology, methodology, study design, theoretical frameworks, and impacts. Results. Most research was conducted in the Pacific or Caribbean (49% and 43% of studies, respectively) and primarily focused on fishing and crop farming (40%, 34%). Findings indicate a predominance of research focusing on the environmental impact of marine and coastal resources on CFPIs, and very limited evidence of CFPI impact on human health, particularly nutrition and diet-related outcomes. There was a lack of explicit theoretical frameworks to explain the impacts of CFPIs. Conclusions. Evidence of impacts of CPFIs in Small Island Developing States is limited and the approaches taken are inconsistent. This review demonstrates the need and provides a basis for developing a coherent body of methods to examine the impacts of CFPIs and provide evidence to guide policy, especially as it relates to health.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Explorar las iniciativas de producción de alimentos basadas en la comunidad (CFPI, por sus siglas en inglés) en los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo, en particular su impacto sanitario, social, económico y ambiental. Métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática exploratoria usando 14 bases de datos electrónicas para identificar artículos publicados entre 1997 y 2016 sobre las CFPI en los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo. De 8 215 artículos encontrados, 153 fueron elegibles y resumidos. El análisis se centró en la ubicación geográfica, el tipo de iniciativa, la metodología, el diseño del estudio, el marco teórico y el impacto. Resultados. La mayoría de las investigaciones se realizaron en el Pacífico o el Caribe (49% y 43% de los estudios, respectivamente) y se centraron principalmente en la pesca y el cultivo (40%, 34%). Los hallazgos indican un predominio de investigaciones centradas en el impacto ambiental de los recursos marinos y costeros en las CFPI, y una evidencia muy limitada del impacto de las CFPI en la salud humana, en particular en resultados relacionados con la nutrición y la dieta. Faltan marcos teóricos explícitos para explicar el impacto de las CFPI. Conclusiones. La evidencia del impacto de las CPFI en los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo es limitada y los enfoques adoptados son inconsistentes. Esta revisión demuestra la necesidad de efectuar estudios y proporciona una base para desarrollar métodos coherentes para examinar el impacto de las CFPI y proporcionar evidencia para guiar las políticas, especialmente las relacionadas con la salud.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Explorar iniciativas de produção alimentar baseada na comunidade (CFPI) em pequenos Estados insulares em desenvolvimento, particularmente seu impacto na saúde, social, econômico e ambiental. Métodos. Uma revisão sistemática exploratória foi realizada utilizando 14 bases de dados eletrônicas para identificar artigos publicados entre 1997 e 2016 sobre CFPI em pequenos Estados insulares em desenvolvimento. Dos 8 215 artigos encontrados, 153 foram elegíveis e resumidos. A análise centrou-se na localização geográfica, no tipo de iniciativa, na metodologia, no desenho do estudo, no referencial teórico e no impacto. Resultados. A maior parte da pesquisa foi realizada no Pacífico ou no Caribe (49% e 43% dos estudos, respectivamente) e se concentrou principalmente na pesca e na agricultura (40%, 34%). Os resultados indicam uma predominância de pesquisas focadas no impacto ambiental dos recursos marinhos e costeiros na CFPI, e evidências muito limitadas do impacto das CFPI na saúde humana, particularmente nos resultados relacionados à nutrição e dieta. Não existem quadros teóricos explícitos para explicar o impacto das CFPI. Conclusões. A evidência do impacto das CPFI em pequenos Estados insulares em desenvolvimento é limitada e as abordagens adotadas são inconsistentes. Esta revisão demonstra a necessidade de estudos e fornece uma base para o desenvolvimento de métodos coerentes para examinar o impacto das CFPI e fornecer evidências para orientar políticas, especialmente aquelas relacionadas à saúde.

Caribbean Wellness Day: promoting a region-wide day of action

[ABSTRACT]. In response to the epidemic of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in the Caribbean, the Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) issued the 2007 Port-of-Spain Declaration, “Uniting to Stop the Epidemic of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases” and declared the second Saturday in September to be “Caribbean Wellness Day” (CWD). CWD is a call-to-action for engaging the population of the Member States in confronting NCDs and their risk factors. This report reviews the genesis, implementation, and institutionalization of CWD in CARICOM and beyond. The study used quantitative and qualitative methods, including 29 surveys, 7 in-depth interviews, and analysis of media content. Data was provided by NCD focal points at the Ministry of Health in 15 CARICOM countries, as well as by 7 nongovernmental and 4 private organizations. Branding materials were well received and locally adapted; much of CWD media content originated from organization websites and were not community-based. Events typically focused on physical activity and health screenings and were attended by up to 3 000 participants. Though most were held in city centers, some CWD activities have involved rural and indigenous populations. CWD has become a catalyst for multisectoral engagement and health promotion activities. Inspired by CWD, PAHO initiated “Wellness Week in the Americas,” which includes CWD and promotes its tenets across the Region of the Americas. As CWD further develops, consideration should be given to reliable, adequate, and sustainable financing; to measuring and evaluating its impact on NCDs; and to widening its reach to include those outside of city centers.

[RESUMEN]. En respuesta a la epidemia de las enfermedades no transmisibles en el Caribe, los jefes de Gobierno de la Comunidad del Caribe (CARICOM) emitieron en el 2007 la Declaración de Puerto España, “Unidos para detener la epidemia de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles”, y propusieron instaurar el segundo sábado de septiembre como el “Día del Bienestar en el Caribe”. Este día es un llamado a la acción para fomentar la participación la población de los Estados Miembros contra las enfermedades no transmisibles y sus factores de riesgo. Este informe examina la génesis, la puesta en marcha y la institucionalización del Día del Bienestar en el Caribe en CARICOM y otros lugares. En el estudio se emplearon métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos, entre ellos 29 encuestas, 7 entrevistas exhaustivas y el análisis del contenido de medios de difusión. Los datos fueron proporcionados por puntos focales para las enfermedades no transmisibles del Ministerio de Salud de 15 países de CARICOM, así como por siete organizaciones no gubernamentales y cuatro organizaciones privadas. Los materiales de imagen institucional fueron bien recibidos y se adaptaron localmente; gran parte del contenido sobre el Día del Bienestar en los medios de difusión provenía de los sitios web de organizaciones y no de las comunidades. Los eventos se centraron generalmente en la actividad física y los exámenes médicos de tamizaje, y asistieron hasta 3 000 personas. Aunque la mayoría se celebraron en el centro de las ciudades, algunas actividades se han realizado con poblaciones rurales e indígenas. El Día del Bienestar en el Caribe se ha convertido en un catalizador para la participación multisectorial y las actividades de promoción de la salud. Inspirada en él, la OPS instituyó la “Semana del Bienestar en las Américas”, que incluye a su vez el Día del Bienestar en el Caribe y difunde sus principios en toda la Región de las Américas. Conforme el Día del Bienestar en el Caribe evolucione aún más, debe pensarse en obtener un financiamiento confiable, adecuado y sostenible; en medir y evaluar sus repercusiones en materia de enfermedades no transmisibles; y en ampliar su alcance para abarcar a quienes viven lejos del centro de las ciudades.

[RESUMO]. Em resposta à epidemia de doenças não transmissíveis (DNTs) no Caribe, os chefes de governo da Comunidade do Caribe (CARICOM) emitiram a Declaração de Porto de Espanha de 2007, “Unidos para deter a epidemia de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis”, e declararam o segundo sábado de setembro o “Dia do Bem-estar no Caribe”. Trata-se de uma chamada à ação aos Estados Membros para engajar a população a enfrentar as DNTs e os fatores de risco associados. Este informe faz uma análise da origem, implantação e institucionalização do Dia do Bem-Estar no Caribe no CARICOM e outras regiões. Neste estudo foram empregados métodos quantitativos e qualitativos, com 29 inquéritos, 7 entrevistas aprofundadas e uma análise de conteúdo de mídias. Os dados foram fornecidos pelos centros de coordenação de DNTs nos ministérios da Saúde de 15 países da CARICOM, assim como por sete organizações não governamentais e quatro entidades privadas. Os materiais de branding foram bem aceitos e adaptados ao contexto local. Grande parte de conteúdo de mídia do Dia do Bem-Estar no Caribe foi proveniente de sites de entidades e não foram originados nas comunidades. Os eventos normalmente envolveram atividade física e exames de prevenção de saúde, com o comparecimento de até 3.000 participantes. Apesar de a maioria dos eventos ter sido realizada em centros urbanos, ocorreram algumas atividades para populações rurais e indígenas. O Dia do Bem-Estar no Caribe é um incentivador para a participação multissetorial e para atividades de promoção da saúde. Inspirada nesta iniciativa, a Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) instituiu a “Semana do Bem-Estar nas Américas”, englobando e promovendo os princípios do Dia do Bem-Estar no Caribe em toda a Região das Américas. Com a expansão deste acontecimento, é preciso considerar como custeá-lo de maneira adequada, segura e sustentável, mensurar e avaliar a repercussão que ele tem e ampliar o seu alcance para chegar às populações fora dos centros urbanos.

Social determinants of prostate cancer in the Caribbean: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer remains the leading cause of cancer deaths among Caribbean men. However, little data exists on the influence of social factors on prostate cancer in the Caribbean setting. This article supports the 2011 Rio Political Declaration on addressing health inequalities by presenting a systematic review of evidence on the role of social determinants on prostate cancer in Caribbean men. It aims to determine the distribution, by known social determinants of health, of the frequency and adverse outcomes of prostate cancer among Caribbean populations. METHODS: Observational studies reporting an association between a social determinant and prostate cancer frequency and outcomes were sought in MEDLINE, EMBASE, SciELO, CINAHL, CUMED, LILACS, and IBECS databases. Fourteen social determinants and 7 prostate cancer endpoints were chosen, providing 98 possible relationship groups exploring the role of social determinants on prostate cancer. Observational studies with > 50 participants conducted in Caribbean territories between 2004 and 2016 were eligible. The review was conducted according to STROBE and PRISMA guidelines. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed. RESULTS: From 843 potentially relevant citations, 13 articles from 9 studies were included. From these included studies, 24 relationships were reported looking at 11 distinct relationship groups, leaving 90 relationship groups (92% of all relationship groups) unexplored. Study heterogeneity and risk of bias restricted results to a narrative synthesis in most instances. Meta-analyses showed more diagnosed prostate cancer among men with less formal education (n = 2 studies, OR 1.60, 95%CI 1.18-2.19) and among men who were married (n = 3 studies, OR 1.54, 95%CI 1.22-1.95). CONCLUSIONS: This review highlights limited evidence for a higher occurrence of diagnosed prostate cancer among Caribbean men with lower levels of education and among men who are married. The role of social determinants on prostate cancer among Caribbean men remains poorly understood. Improvements in study quantity and quality, and reduced variability in outcomes and reporting are needed. This report represents the current evidence, and provides a roadmap to future research priorities for a better understanding of Caribbean prostate cancer inequalities.

Caribbean Wellness Day: promoting a region-wide day of action.

In response to the epidemic of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in the Caribbean, the Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) issued the 2007 Port-of-Spain Declaration, "Uniting to Stop the Epidemic of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases" and declared the second Saturday in September to be "Caribbean Wellness Day" (CWD). CWD is a call-to-action for engaging the population of the Member States in confronting NCDs and their risk factors. This report reviews the genesis, implementation, and institutionalization of CWD in CARICOM and beyond. The study used quantitative and qualitative methods, including 29 surveys, 7 in-depth interviews, and analysis of media content. Data was provided by NCD focal points at the Ministry of Health in 15 CARICOM countries, as well as by 7 non-governmental and 4 private organizations. Branding materials were well received and locally adapted; much of CWD media content originated from organization websites and were not community-based. Events typically focused on physical activity and health screenings and were attended by up to 3 000 participants. Though most were held in city centers, some CWD activities have involved rural and indigenous populations. CWD has become a catalyst for multisectoral engagement and health promotion activities. Inspired by CWD, PAHO initiated "Wellness Week in the Americas," which includes CWD and promotes its tenets across the Region of the Americas. As CWD further develops, consideration should be given to reliable, adequate, and sustainable financing; to measuring and evaluating its impact on NCDs; and to widening its reach to include those outside of city centers.

En respuesta a la epidemia de las enfermedades no transmisibles en el Caribe, los jefes de Gobierno de la Comunidad del Caribe (CARICOM) emitieron en el 2007 la Declaración de Puerto España, "Unidos para detener la epidemia de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles", y propusieron instaurar el segundo sábado de septiembre como el "Día del Bienestar en el Caribe". Este día es un llamado a la acción para fomentar la participación la población de los Estados Miembros contra las enfermedades no transmisibles y sus factores de riesgo.Este informe examina la génesis, la puesta en marcha y la institucionalización del Día del Bienestar en el Caribe en CARICOM y otros lugares. En el estudio se emplearon métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos, entre ellos 29 encuestas, 7 entrevistas exhaustivas y el análisis del contenido de medios de difusión. Los datos fueron proporcionados por puntos focales para las enfermedades no transmisibles del Ministerio de Salud de 15 países de CARICOM, así como por siete organizaciones no gubernamentales y cuatro organizaciones privadas.Los materiales de imagen institucional fueron bien recibidos y se adaptaron localmente; gran parte del contenido sobre el Día del Bienestar en los medios de difusión provenía de los sitios web de organizaciones y no de las comunidades. Los eventos se centraron generalmente en la actividad física y los exámenes médicos de tamizaje, y asistieron hasta 3 000 personas. Aunque la mayoría se celebraron en el centro de las ciudades, algunas actividades se han realizado con poblaciones rurales e indígenas.El Día del Bienestar en el Caribe se ha convertido en un catalizador para la participación multisectorial y las actividades de promoción de la salud. Inspirada en él, la OPS instituyó la "Semana del Bienestar en las Américas", que incluye a su vez el Día del Bienestar en el Caribe y difunde sus principios en toda la Región de las Américas. Conforme el Día del Bienestar en el Caribe evolucione aún más, debe pensarse en obtener un financiamiento confiable, adecuado y sostenible; en medir y evaluar sus repercusiones en materia de enfermedades no transmisibles; y en ampliar su alcance para abarcar a quienes viven lejos del centro de las ciudades.

Em resposta à epidemia de doenças não transmissíveis (DNTs) no Caribe, os chefes de governo da Comunidade do Caribe (CARICOM) emitiram a Declaração de Porto de Espanha de 2007, "Unidos para deter a epidemia de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis", e declararam o segundo sábado de setembro o "Dia do Bem-estar no Caribe". Trata-se de uma chamada à ação aos Estados Membros para engajar a população a enfrentar as DNTs e os fatores de risco associados.Este informe faz uma análise da origem, implantação e institucionalização do Dia do Bem-Estar no Caribe no CARICOM e outras regiões. Neste estudo foram empregados métodos quantitativos e qualitativos, com 29 inquéritos, 7 entrevistas aprofundadas e uma análise de conteúdo de mídias. Os dados foram fornecidos pelos centros de coordenação de DNTs nos ministérios da Saúde de 15 países da CARICOM, assim como por sete organizações não governamentais e quatro entidades privadas.Os materiais de branding foram bem aceitos e adaptados ao contexto local. Grande parte de conteúdo de mídia do Dia do Bem-Estar no Caribe foi proveniente de sites de entidades e não foram originados nas comunidades. Os eventos normalmente envolveram atividade física e exames de prevenção de saúde, com o comparecimento de até 3.000 participantes. Apesar de a maioria dos eventos ter sido realizada em centros urbanos, ocorreram algumas atividades para populações rurais e indígenas.O Dia do Bem-Estar no Caribe é um incentivador para a participação multissetorial e para atividades de promoção da saúde. Inspirada nesta iniciativa, a Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) instituiu a "Semana do Bem-Estar nas Américas", englobando e promovendo os princípios do Dia do Bem-Estar no Caribe em toda a Região das Américas. Com a expansão deste acontecimento, é preciso considerar como custeá-lo de maneira adequada, segura e sustentável, mensurar e avaliar a repercussão que ele tem e ampliar o seu alcance para chegar às populações fora dos centros urbanos.

Health and other impacts of community food production in Small Island Developing States: a systematic scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: To explore what is known on community-based food production initiatives (CFPIs) in Small Island Developing States, particularly the health, social, economic, and environmental impacts of and on CFPIs. METHODS: This was a systematic scoping review using 14 electronic databases to identify articles published from 1997 to 2016 on the topic of CFPIs in Small Island Developing States. From 8 215 articles found, 153 were eligible and abstracted. Analysis focused on geographic location, typology, methodology, study design, theoretical frameworks, and impacts. RESULTS: Most research was conducted in the Pacific or Caribbean (49% and 43% of studies, respectively) and primarily focused on fishing and crop farming (40%, 34%). Findings indicate a predominance of research focusing on the environmental impact of marine and coastal resources on CFPIs, and very limited evidence of CFPI impact on human health, particularly nutrition and diet-related outcomes. There was a lack of explicit theoretical frameworks to explain the impacts of CFPIs. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence of impacts of CPFIs in Small Island Developing States is limited and the approaches taken are inconsistent. This review demonstrates the need and provides a basis for developing a coherent body of methods to examine the impacts of CFPIs and provide evidence to guide policy, especially as it relates to health.

Caribbean Wellness Day: promoting a region-wide day of action / Día del Bienestar en el Caribe: cómo promover un día de acción de alcance regional / Dia do Bem-Estar no Caribe: incentivando um dia de ação em toda a Região

ABSTRACT In response to the epidemic of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in the Caribbean, the Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) issued the 2007 Port-of-Spain Declaration, "Uniting to Stop the Epidemic of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases" and declared the second Saturday in September to be "Caribbean Wellness Day" (CWD). CWD is a call-to-action for engaging the population of the Member States in confronting NCDs and their risk factors. This report reviews the genesis, implementation, and institutionalization of CWD in CARICOM and beyond. The study used quantitative and qualitative methods, including 29 surveys, 7 in-depth interviews, and analysis of media content. Data was provided by NCD focal points at the Ministry of Health in 15 CARICOM countries, as well as by 7 non-governmental and 4 private organizations. Branding materials were well received and locally adapted; much of CWD media content originated from organization websites and were not community-based. Events typically focused on physical activity and health screenings and were attended by up to 3 000 participants. Though most were held in city centers, some CWD activities have involved rural and indigenous populations. CWD has become a catalyst for multisectoral engagement and health promotion activities. Inspired by CWD, PAHO initiated "Wellness Week in the Americas," which includes CWD and promotes its tenets across the Region of the Americas. As CWD further develops, consideration should be given to reliable, adequate, and sustainable financing; to measuring and evaluating its impact on NCDs; and to widening its reach to include those outside of city centers.

RESUMEN En respuesta a la epidemia de las enfermedades no transmisibles en el Caribe, los jefes de Gobierno de la Comunidad del Caribe (CARICOM) emitieron en el 2007 la Declaración de Puerto España, "Unidos para detener la epidemia de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles", y propusieron instaurar el segundo sábado de septiembre como el "Día del Bienestar en el Caribe". Este día es un llamado a la acción para fomentar la participación la población de los Estados Miembros contra las enfermedades no transmisibles y sus factores de riesgo. Este informe examina la génesis, la puesta en marcha y la institucionalización del Día del Bienestar en el Caribe en CARICOM y otros lugares. En el estudio se emplearon métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos, entre ellos 29 encuestas, 7 entrevistas exhaustivas y el análisis del contenido de medios de difusión. Los datos fueron proporcionados por puntos focales para las enfermedades no transmisibles del Ministerio de Salud de 15 países de CARICOM, así como por siete organizaciones no gubernamentales y cuatro organizaciones privadas. Los materiales de imagen institucional fueron bien recibidos y se adaptaron localmente; gran parte del contenido sobre el Día del Bienestar en los medios de difusión provenía de los sitios web de organizaciones y no de las comunidades. Los eventos se centraron generalmente en la actividad física y los exámenes médicos de tamizaje, y asistieron hasta 3 000 personas. Aunque la mayoría se celebraron en el centro de las ciudades, algunas actividades se han realizado con poblaciones rurales e indígenas. El Día del Bienestar en el Caribe se ha convertido en un catalizador para la participación multisectorial y las actividades de promoción de la salud. Inspirada en él, la OPS instituyó la "Semana del Bienestar en las Américas", que incluye a su vez el Día del Bienestar en el Caribe y difunde sus principios en toda la Región de las Américas. Conforme el Día del Bienestar en el Caribe evolucione aún más, debe pensarse en obtener un financiamiento confiable, adecuado y sostenible; en medir y evaluar sus repercusiones en materia de enfermedades no transmisibles; y en ampliar su alcance para abarcar a quienes viven lejos del centro de las ciudades.

RESUMO Em resposta à epidemia de doenças não transmissíveis (DNTs) no Caribe, os chefes de governo da Comunidade do Caribe (CARICOM) emitiram a Declaração de Porto de Espanha de 2007, "Unidos para deter a epidemia de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis", e declararam o segundo sábado de setembro o "Dia do Bem-estar no Caribe". Trata-se de uma chamada à ação aos Estados Membros para engajar a população a enfrentar as DNTs e os fatores de risco associados. Este informe faz uma análise da origem, implantação e institucionalização do Dia do Bem-Estar no Caribe no CARICOM e outras regiões. Neste estudo foram empregados métodos quantitativos e qualitativos, com 29 inquéritos, 7 entrevistas aprofundadas e uma análise de conteúdo de mídias. Os dados foram fornecidos pelos centros de coordenação de DNTs nos ministérios da Saúde de 15 países da CARICOM, assim como por sete organizações não governamentais e quatro entidades privadas. Os materiais de branding foram bem aceitos e adaptados ao contexto local. Grande parte de conteúdo de mídia do Dia do Bem-Estar no Caribe foi proveniente de sites de entidades e não foram originados nas comunidades. Os eventos normalmente envolveram atividade física e exames de prevenção de saúde, com o comparecimento de até 3.000 participantes. Apesar de a maioria dos eventos ter sido realizada em centros urbanos, ocorreram algumas atividades para populações rurais e indígenas. O Dia do Bem-Estar no Caribe é um incentivador para a participação multissetorial e para atividades de promoção da saúde. Inspirada nesta iniciativa, a Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) instituiu a "Semana do Bem-Estar nas Américas", englobando e promovendo os princípios do Dia do Bem-Estar no Caribe em toda a Região das Américas. Com a expansão deste acontecimento, é preciso considerar como custeá-lo de maneira adequada, segura e sustentável, mensurar e avaliar a repercussão que ele tem e ampliar o seu alcance para chegar às populações fora dos centros urbanos.